I.adjectiveCOLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a direct appeal
▪ The police have issued a direct appeal to the witness to come forward with information.
a direct approach
▪ We would do better to adopt a direct approach and tackle the problem at its source.
a direct benefit
▪ The money sent has been of direct benefit to the islanders.
a direct comparison
▪ You can’t really make a direct comparison between the the two schools.
a direct competitor (=competing directly with you)
▪ He knew she was a successful businesswoman and a direct competitor.
a direct connection
▪ Many people see a direct connection between these events.
a direct consequence of sth (=a consequence directly caused by sth)
▪ The spread of information has been a direct consequence of the Internet.
a direct correlation
▪ Research shows a direct correlation between TV viewing and poor academic work.
a direct measurement (=one made by measuring the thing itself, not a photograph of it)
▪ Instruments in space allowed a direct measurement of Jupiter’s temperature.
a direct order (=a clear order)
▪ What happens to a soldier who disobeys a direct order?
a direct question (=one that asks for information in a very direct way)
▪ She was startled by the direct question.
a direct reflection
▪ The child’s behaviour is a direct reflection of its parents' behaviour.
a direct relationship (=when one thing has an effect or influence on another, without any other things being involved)
▪ There is a direct relationship between the demand for a particular product and its price.
a direct response
▪ Her resignation was in direct response to the party’s poor results in the local elections.
a direct result
▪ The closure of the hospital is a direct result of Government reforms.
a direct route
▪ The motorway is the most direct route.
a direct tax (=a tax on income)
▪ The government’s revenue comes mainly from direct taxes.
a direct threat
▪ The workers destroyed the textile machinery which they saw as a direct threat to their jobs.
a direct/exact equivalent
▪ The word has no direct equivalent in English.
a direct/indirect cause
▪ Government policies are the direct cause of the problems facing the economy.
a direct/indirect influence
▪ The Cubist painters had a direct influence on his work.
▪ The federal government has an indirect influence on investment through its control of bank credits.
a direct/non-stop flight (=a flight going straight from one place to another without stopping )
▪ the first direct flight to Tokyo
a judge directs/instructs a jury (=tells it what to decide)
▪ The judge directed the jury to find her not guilty.
a specific/direct/explicit reference (=mentioning something specifically/directly etc)
▪ No specific reference was made to the race of the children.
direct a film
▪ The film was directed by Jean-Luc Godard.
direct a movie
▪ He wrote and directed the movie.
direct a play (=tell the actors what to do)
▪ The play is directed by Paulette Randall.
direct access
direct action (=that is aimed at making a government or company do something)
▪ In a bid to stop whale hunting, Greenpeace have threatened direct action.
direct action
▪ Peaceful direct action by pressure groups has a powerful effect on public opinion.
direct communication
▪ The new system allows more direct communication between teachers and parents.
direct contact (=spending time with sb)
▪ Our volunteers work in direct contact with people who need help.
direct current
direct debit
direct deposit
direct discourse
direct hit
▪ Our ship took a direct hit and sank.
direct inspiration (=in which someone copies an idea directly from a person or thing)
▪ She took direct inspiration from the films of John Ford.
direct mail
direct marketing
direct method
direct object
direct observation
▪ Piaget developed his theories based on direct observation of children.
direct responsibility (=when no other person is involved)
▪ He has direct responsibility for all the programmes on Radio 1.
direct speech
direct sunlight
▪ This plant prefers to be kept out of direct sunlight.
direct supervision
▪ Trainees need direct supervision for at least the first week.
direct talks
▪ The President declared that he was now prepared to enter into direct talks with the rebels.
direct tax
direct taxation (=tax on income)
direct...links
▪ The office has direct computer links to over 100 firms.
in direct contrast to sth/sb (=completely different to something or someone)
▪ She’s fun and warm and amusing – in direct contrast to James.
the exact/precise/direct opposite
▪ My own experience says that the exact opposite is true.
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ ADVERB
more
▪ Musically and lyrically more direct than its predecessor, it reached deeper into the storytelling tradition.
▪ So-called solvent processing is more direct.
▪ If the theories are successful, some one will find a more direct way of showing that the hypothetical entities are actually there.
▪ We had to adapt and play more direct.
▪ However, particularly for the gamma-ray contribution, more direct measurement of the radiation dose is usually employed.
▪ He can be more direct in sharing his beliefs and opinions with us.
▪ Occasionally the demands of senior politics and junior fun could clash in a more direct way.
▪ She slouches less in her wheelchair, raises her head more and looks at people in a more direct manner.
most
▪ Employers have the clearest and most direct channels of communication to enormous numbers of people.
▪ Malcolm wanted to create the most direct statement of what clothes were about.
▪ That dispute was settled in the most direct way -- they lined up and hit each other for four hours.
▪ The study of small mammal fossils Fossils provide one of our most direct links with the prehistoric past.
▪ Among the inputs from the environment, the most direct inputs to the political system are demands and supports.
▪ The most direct way of doing so was by prospecting and directing capital to developing mines in new lands.
▪ The most direct methods to achieve political objectives involve some form of political action.
■ NOUN
access
▪ I've seen the homes they live in-mud-floored shacks with no sanitation or direct access to running water.
▪ Never before have so many people had direct access to information from every angle.
▪ The former will tend to require an indexed sequential file on a direct access device.
▪ CompuServe recently shut down direct access to certain newsgroups containing indecent photographs and material.
▪ It has opened up a market to Apple, to which it previously had no direct access.
▪ AlterNet customers use dial-up or high-speed leased lines for direct access to the full range of services available over the Internet.
▪ They have also signed a deal with Freeserve, the internet service provider, offering direct access for students.
▪ Simply ideal for families it has direct access on to the beach and offers a wide range of holiday activities for children.
action
▪ I don't think our direct actions are a problem reducing our effectiveness.
▪ Before this period, behavior has always been a direct action of the child on objects.
▪ We felt we had to take direct action.
▪ The first is the sensorimotor level of direct action on the environment.
▪ You may be surprised by the success our direct actions have achieved so far.
▪ These charges were dropped in 1916, but by then Sanger was looking to-ward more direct action.
▪ They are spooking away at the window and Charlie and Emma take some direct action and soak them in water.
▪ The group, he said, owed its origins to direct action by environmentalists in Britain.
approach
▪ The direct approach will be hardest for environmentalists to accept.
▪ With her, a direct approach could be quicksand.
▪ Taking the direct approach requires planning, organisation, and a short, positive, action-demanding covering letter.
▪ On the other hand, sometimes a direct approach may be more appropriate.
▪ Deception, in the case before him, he deemed justifiable, preferable to a direct approach.
▪ Will New York's taxi-drivers, known everywhere for their direct approach, heed this message?
▪ The landowner, estate agent or speculator may make a direct approach to the developer.
▪ That she favoured the direct approach?
challenge
▪ Yet the symbol of feminism was perceived as a direct challenge to Catholicism and Catholic values.
▪ Clinton rarely offers direct challenges to the people; he prefers to play the preacher and the conciliator.
▪ A direct challenge to the orthodox test arose in two cases decided in 1987.
▪ It had now become a direct challenge to his manhood.
▪ Each broadcasting organization could henceforth pursue its programme policies without fear of a direct challenge to its sources of revenue.
▪ Nor has there been any direct challenge to the chairman.
▪ This was a direct challenge to Urban, who had not been consulted or even properly informed.
▪ D'Arcy was throwing down a direct challenge for him to come clean, and he knew it.
comparison
▪ It is hard to make a direct comparison, for relative prices have changed.
▪ I have yet to get my hands on a 200-megahertz Pentium-based computer to do a direct comparison.
▪ In questions 3 and 7 it is essential that making and buying prices are on a basis allowing direct comparison.
▪ The profitability index allows a direct comparison between the projects in terms of the present value of benefit per unit cost.
▪ The result of this is that a direct comparison with the other regional data is not possible.
▪ But for a direct comparison of clocks to be made, the traveler must return.
▪ In helping to answer this question two direct comparisons are available.
▪ Fig. 10.3 shows the direct comparison of recall efficiency for two bilingual groups and a deaf group.
competition
▪ Each of them has many adherents in the discipline, and at first sight it looks as if the approaches are in direct competition.
▪ Many of the companies appear to have avoided direct competition in the computer or semiconductor market by staking out a profitable niche.
▪ They try to minimize electronics imports from each other and are often in direct competition in export markets.
▪ The Justice Department must consider whether dry kibble and those waxy, doggy burger meals provide direct competition with canned food.
▪ The bid was in direct competition with the offer from Manchester made last week.
▪ Cart transport survived both in direct competition on shorter routes and by taking goods to and from railway stations.
▪ Stallions usually only fight when in direct competition for a harem or a waterhole.
connection
▪ But there is little direct connection.
▪ But it was not until much later that any direct connection between asteroids and Earth could be established.
▪ You can use a terminal program for direct connection to another user.
▪ Testers will need a direct connection to the Internet, as opposed to the dial-up connections popular with home Internet subscribers.
▪ There will be no direct connection between Musselburgh and the Musselburgh Bypass at this location.
▪ It is essential to see the direct connection between the production and distribution of goods in this unified process.
▪ There is little direct connection, because many early ecologists were not interested in evolution.
consequence
▪ The report had been generally very favourable and his and his colleagues' morale had improved as a direct consequence.
▪ The first of these events was a direct consequence of the war.
▪ Beyond these direct consequences such labs have implications for the long term development of the host-country's scientific capacity and capability.
▪ The change was thought to be a direct consequence of the protest action taken by conscripts in May.
▪ This was often a direct consequence of bad diet: too much matooke and nothing else.
▪ Each operator adds a single new fact which is a direct consequence of what is known already.
▪ One direct consequence of the amino acid changes is the well recognised reduction in dopamine and serotonin turnover.
▪ The claim by the widow was allowed by the court applying the direct consequence test for remoteness.
contact
▪ He then brings in both feet so that the soles are placed in direct contact with each other.
▪ Managers need to handle highly sensitive direct contacts with clients.
▪ He didn't think much of the unions and their so-called democracy, preferring to rely on direct contact with the leaders.
▪ Blood is very toxic to neurons, which stop working and often die when the blood comes in direct contact with them.
▪ Skin diseases, such as impetigo or scabies, are transmitted by direct contact.
▪ This would constitute direct contact between the bloodstreams of the two people.
▪ The coals constitute a proven commercial gas source which is in direct contact with the recognised potential reservoirs.
▪ It has within it the experiences of direct contacts with the peoples of the world.
contrast
▪ From this perspective we can see a direct contrast with the normativist style.
▪ This is in direct contrast to the company's more secretive past as part of the Central Electricity Generating Board.
▪ And in direct contrast again, this approach may bring you long-term loyalty rather than compliance.
control
▪ One method may be through variations in government expenditure and taxation since these flows are under the direct control of the authorities.
▪ But that was under the direct control of Langley.
▪ The second row is about mine clearance, which was until recently under the direct control of the president's office.
▪ Mackenzie assumed direct control, with his partners in subordinate positions.
▪ Only London's Metropolitan Police currently falls under direct control from Whitehall.
▪ Are you forgetting that we are under the direct control of the Emperor himself?
▪ I thought it was military to allow the top brass at home a more direct control.
▪ It felt like there was no direct control of the machine.
debit
▪ Forms to arrange direct debit payment are available on request.
▪ It's simple to do this now by filling in the direct debit and covenant on the back of the donation form.
▪ Donation by direct debit is now the lifeblood for most charities.
▪ Payments can be made by direct debit and standing orders.
▪ With a direct debit the person receiving payment tells your branch how much is due and when.
▪ In many cases, higher rates apply for those holders who do not pay their accounts by direct debit.
▪ If you incur bank charges, some banks operate a slightly cheaper tariff for direct debits because they are more easily handled.
▪ I instruct you to pay direct debits from my account at the request of Campaign for Real Ale Limited.
democracy
▪ The system of direct democracy made the Soviet immediately responsive to the mood of rank-and-file workers.
▪ His ideal was to transplant the classical Athenian model of direct democracy to the new world.
▪ Democracy meant government by the people themselves; what is now tendentiously termed direct democracy.
▪ But direct democracy could not survive the size and complexity of the pluralistic, sprawling nation-states that developed in modern times.
▪ Mr Kinnock hinted at the weekend that direct democracy was likely to become mandatory relatively soon.
▪ Like or dislike it, direct democracy is on the way.
▪ The court was confident that elements of direct democracy can coexist within the representative republic.
▪ Many people argue that direct democracy is unworkable, that society needs representatives to debate and decide issues, Davis said.
descendant
▪ Six generations of his direct descendants continued to live in Myddle throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
▪ The professor said he has no idea if Ayi is a direct descendant of other Glidji monarchs.
▪ He was an O'Conor and a direct descendant of the last High King of Ireland.
▪ I don't care for the practice of polling because of polling because it is direct descendant of that fraudulent invention sociology.
▪ In many ways the Aphrodisians were the direct descendants of Hellenistic and, more specifically, Pergamene sculpture.
▪ Those who made it an issue were the direct descendants of the anti-military counter-culture of the 1960s.
▪ Fly-leaf of a 1599 Bible perhaps inscribed by her husband to Shakespeare's last direct descendant, his grand-daughter Elizabeth Bernard.
▪ Both marriages were childless; so that Elizabeth was the last direct descendant of William Shakespeare.
effect
▪ Answer guide: They have no direct effect but often the debtor is the other side of the sales entry.
▪ Outdoors Wisconsin clearly has little direct effect on anyone but the suckers.
▪ The departure of Mark, now a professor of engineering at the University of Texas, also had a more direct effect.
▪ Though we found no direct effects on pay, holding other things equal, we found indirect effects of motherhood on pay.
▪ It is, of course, conceivable that the community charge will have a bigger direct effect on local elections in future years.
▪ She couldn't feel any direct effect from the brandy, but she felt looser and more able to talk.
▪ Coefficient b shows the direct effect of being one of the richer respondents on preparedness to break the law.
election
▪ Now he is giving himself the chance to be chosen by direct election again, thus gaining a mantle of legitimacy.
▪ His opponents say his return was a violation of a town code calling for direct election of the mayor.
▪ Liberal democrats remained in a minority on the Legco, despite their success in the direct elections.
▪ In the event direct elections were held.
▪ His own new powers, however, should last only until direct elections for a President were held.
▪ One made the protection of the environment a constitutional obligation; the other provided for the direct election of mayors and Landräte.
▪ Of the total seats, 75 are filled by direct election and 25 on the basis of proportional representation.
▪ He not only saw off no-confidence motions, but won the Congress round to supporting direct elections for an executive presidency.
evidence
▪ This report provides the first direct evidence for expression of P3A + variant mRNA in human thymus.
▪ There is no direct evidence of the prion hypothesis.
▪ We have recently produced direct evidence supporting the possibility of amplification of the birth weight-blood pressure relation in childhood.
▪ Accounting reports measure profit and therefore provide direct evidence as to the organization's performance in a year.
▪ Now the same team has more direct evidence.
▪ There is indeed direct evidence that mechanical stress can generate intracellular signals that regulate gene expression.
▪ Secondly, this third stage, was also vouched for by much more direct evidence.
▪ Sponge-fishing may also have gone on from the ports, though there is no direct evidence of it.
experience
▪ Such direct experience helps the nurse to develop sensitivity and self-awareness.
▪ Few people learn about politics through direct experience.
▪ In this paragraph we have the basis for Brian Way's philosophy: he is interested in introducing direct experience into education.
▪ She has no direct experience but has heard from other kids that it exists.
▪ But Wilkes said they can offer something unique to their practice because of their direct experience of oppression.
▪ There is a freeing of thought from direct experience.
▪ As the first medical officer of health for Lambeth he gained direct experience of cholera and other water-borne diseases.
▪ My only direct experience with murder weapons was Cluedo, but even I knew enough not to mess with it.
flight
▪ There are also new direct flights from Newcastle, Norwich and Birmingham.
▪ Nova was developing in parallel as a booster capable of hurling a spacecraft to the Moon on a direct flight mission.
▪ She argued in favour of a direct flight to London and then on to Jersey.
▪ A late morning direct flight takes you to Kathmandu where you will stay at the Oberoi Soaltee Hotel for 2 nights.
▪ On the grounds of minimizing risk, many of them had decided on a direct flight that did not involve docking spacecraft.
▪ Fast direct flight with quick clipped wing-beats; at rest bobs head when suspicious.
▪ However, direct flight had its drawbacks as well.
hit
▪ Opposite An archer fish achieves a direct hit.
▪ With a beautiful clean throw Trondur made a direct hit.
▪ One scored a direct hit but, despite being showered with glass, there were no serious injuries.
▪ Both were direct hits, as he knew they would be.
▪ The bomb had been a direct hit and only the last few dwellings had still been standing afterwards.
▪ He was killed instantly, a direct hit.
▪ A direct hit on the Al-Rasheed was ruled out because of the western journalists there.
▪ I lay under my cot and prayed that our hooch would not take a direct hit with a rocket.
impact
▪ For developing countries, volatility increased the direct impact on their domestic policies and plans.
▪ This had a direct impact on the problem-solving time which is now on average 8.5 times longer than in the 1980s.
▪ The direct impact of improving health in later life has been relatively recent.
▪ National systems of testing use light sampling methods and therefore the direct impact on the curriculum is unlikely to be large.
▪ It has a direct impact on our growth as persons, happy or unhappy.
▪ The policies which had the most direct impact concerned income tax.
▪ The use of computers or programmable logic controllers in systems which have a direct impact on safety obviously requires special care.
▪ As you might expect, some behaviours are more influential than others but all behaviours have a direct impact on other people.
influence
▪ Probably the most effective direct influence by employment interests on the college curriculum comes from their membership of course committees.
▪ The evidence suggests, then, that the direct influence of religious doctrine on individual reproductive decisions is weak.
▪ Notice that few of these regulations have any direct influence upon the direction of insurance companies' investment funds.
▪ It is difficult to detect any direct influence of Darwin's writings on the development of the main stream of plant ecology.
▪ In the provincial press, and especially the local weeklies, it is more difficult to believe that direct influence was rare.
▪ Within the health service the very direct influence of the doctors has been subjected to considerable attention by policy analysts.
▪ Results from the project have had a direct influence on the development of a new model of human memory.
▪ It is in the field of editorial content that the Great and Good of independent television have exercised their most direct influence.
investment
▪ As this century has advanced, so investment trusts have developed to embrace more direct investment in the shares of other companies.
▪ He pointed to a lag in technology as a factor against such direct investment.
▪ We are trying to drag them here soas to get direct investment and to get foreign capital without incurring foreign debt.
▪ In the 1990s such investment has grown more quickly than direct investment.
▪ They became less willing to transfer capital to the most troubled borrowers by the conventional means of foreign direct investment.
▪ In principle, direct investment brings with it better management, improved technology, and marketing expertise.
▪ That direct investment is itself controversial.
involvement
▪ They are a useful alternative for small companies whose overseas operations are limited, not warranting the expense of direct involvement.
▪ But Bonior, the second-ranking House Democrat, denied any direct involvement.
▪ By and large, Sussex escaped a very direct involvement in the war since the main battles were fought elsewhere.
▪ We invited direct involvement from the profession.
▪ This can only be achieved with the direct involvement of current and potential service users and frontline staff in setting service targets.
▪ It is only through direct involvement that Guinness can guarantee that local marketing is consistent with its international strategy.
▪ Dearlove focuses on the pressures to encourage the direct involvement of business interests at local level.
line
▪ Do not put fluffy rugs in front of open fires, where they are in the direct line of sparks.
▪ As far as I could remember I'd rowed ashore in a fairly direct line from Joanna to the beach.
▪ For information on this, please contact Drew Jamieson of this department on direct line 031-469 3849.
▪ We're in a direct line from Tara for Medoc's spies.
▪ The fires and entrance are oriented in direct line with the midsummer sunset.
▪ Since Sussex offered the most direct line of communication with Normandy, it received special attention.
▪ These entreaties, though modified, come in a direct line from the prophets of the Old Testament.
▪ Positioned at the far end of the lake was a clump of trees in direct line to the aircraft's take-off path.
link
▪ These are the indirect links and they are as essential for profit contribution as the direct links.
▪ But so far, no direct link has been made between any of these corpses and the Pernkopf anatomy.
▪ In fact there is no direct link between the status of women and the reckoning of descent in one line or another.
▪ Not all studies support a direct link between fat malabsorption and faecal bile acid losses.
▪ The M56 and A56 provide a direct link with the A55, from Manchester.
▪ There may be merely a less direct link.
▪ Gatwick in on the Victoria line, offering a direct link with Hastings, and is approximately 50 miles by road.
▪ The man was another one of those loose ends, potentially a direct link to himself.
mail
▪ The Advertising Standards Authority embraces press, poster, cinema advertising and direct mail.
▪ And, coupons come via direct mail.
▪ The direct mail business is a growth industry.
▪ The program includes brochures, direct mail, television and radio ads, utility bill inserts and the live-operator call center.
▪ Direct Mail One of the most effective ways to recruit and encourage members and supporters is by direct mail.
▪ Airlines run tours, sell junk by direct mail, arrange hotel reservations, while computer companies hardly even handle computer hardware.
▪ If you don't want direct mail from any company there is a surprisingly easy remedy.
▪ Some £930 million was spent on direct mail in 1990.
marketing
▪ Honda is supporting the ads for its new Civic model with a £750,000 direct marketing campaign through Jane Porter Direct.
▪ A direct marketing channel moves goods directly from manufacturer to consumer.
▪ In the case of direct marketing the immediate purchaser may be the actual consumer.
▪ Channel A represents a direct marketing channel.
▪ In the 1980s geodemographic systems were hailed as the powerful new direct marketing technique.
▪ In combination, the two data sources and techniques probably provide the latest sate-of-the-art in direct marketing.
▪ A computer database and direct marketing mail shots are among ideas under consideration.
▪ Britain's direct marketing industry employs more than 25,000 people and generates more than £9 billion in trade and revenue a year.
method
▪ As such it can be an indirect as well as direct method of exporting, depending upon the arrangement.
▪ The most direct methods to achieve political objectives involve some form of political action.
▪ Indeed the Post Office is believed to be the first major organisation to provide the details by the direct method.
▪ Such direct methods were hardly possible except with the backing of military power.
▪ Venus has no satellite and so this less direct method had to be used.
▪ Particularly useful in drawing and design, the two button pen provides the user with a very direct method of control.
▪ It's only thirty miles away, but there's no direct method of getting there because of the reef.
▪ A less direct method is to encourage the growth of clovers in the sward.
object
▪ The predictability of the direct objects of gnash and purse is revealed by the pleonastic nature of?
observation
▪ Accounting tends to supersede direct observation because the units to be controlled are usually many and they are also probably geographically dispersed.
▪ Addams' work is filled with direct observations and descriptions of happenings.
▪ There is never any sense of working from direct observation of nature.
▪ From their direct observations they absorb a model of marriage.
▪ Generally, however, worksheets should ask questions that require direct observation on site.
▪ Analysis at this level of detail is not usually attempted by direct observation but rather by film or video analysis.
▪ Assistance must likely be uncovered through direct observation, or through accounts of people who worked with the visionary.
▪ Possession of such direct observations on expectations would allow us to test the validity of the rational expectations hypothesis in two ways.
proportion
▪ Could it be that Europeanism is in direct proportion to dissatisfaction with one's own political institutions?
▪ And as the country got wilder, the population grew thinner and loveliness increased in direct proportion to danger.
▪ The value of higher education, on this view, is in direct proportion to the critical capacities of its graduates.
▪ This indicates that ferritin is released into the serum normally in direct proportion to the amount stored in tissues.
▪ Latin temperaments rose in exasperation in direct proportion to their owners' frustration.
▪ As one grows the other grows in direct proportion.
▪ A spinning cylinder generates lift in direct proportion to the acceleration it imparts on the air streaming by.
▪ Faith's value, some even suggest, grows in direct proportion to its lack of a rational basis.
question
▪ Initially, he had bucked against her restraints, often asking her direct questions about her previous life, about his father.
▪ No one in our family answered direct questions very well.
▪ The direct questions we needed to ask of deaf people could not be asked adequately, since we were only language learners.
▪ Is the apparently overconfident patient too afraid to ask a direct question?
▪ It made Auntie Lou nervous to be asked direct questions.
▪ Faced with such a direct question, and from Mrs Langham, he felt obliged to reply.
▪ Had he been there earlier he might have been asked a less direct question.
▪ Day asked a direct question like a dagger pointed at the jugular.
relationship
▪ Thus a direct relationship can be established between bidirectional reflectance and biomass for the grasses.
▪ There is a positive or direct relationship between a change in demand and the resulting changes in equilibrium price and quantity.
▪ It is a tradition in which each devotee must have a direct relationship with a Sufi sheikh.
▪ Clergy have a prime role in setting up schools and a favoured position of direct relationships with the appropriate state institutions.
▪ It is always difficult to establish any direct relationship between campaign contributions and specific legislation.
▪ When the effects of this additional factor are analysed, the direct relationship between economic development and institutional performance disappears.
▪ It was the 1960s before the bishops began to distance themselves from direct relationships with the government of the day.
response
▪ But caution had reasserted itself, a direct response to his mockery.
▪ Gamble, announced last week that it would follow a direct response model for Web advertising.
▪ You rarely see a direct response ad which does not put a clear offer - and the price - in its headline.
▪ She nursed them, but they talked to him, vocalising in direct response to his cooing-even as tiny infants.
▪ Furthermore, these forms of behaviour are not simply direct responses to external stimuli.
▪ This is, clearly, a pretty naive view, even of a direct response campaign.
▪ The first is through what is called direct response - where people volunteer information about themselves.
▪ In poetry, it is the student's direct response which is called for.
result
▪ They were a direct result of the Uprising.
▪ Much of this is the direct result of the selection of more optimal sites for planting the grape.
▪ The rise of corporate power is a direct result of governments' actively adopting neoliberal economic policies.
▪ What they often fail to see is that cults are a direct result of blocked politics.
▪ This return to a leaner structure is a direct result of the downturn in sales in key areas such as Impressionist paintings.
▪ I think we should see this pessimism as a direct result of adopting the representational theory of the mind.
▪ Looking back from the 860s, Charles saw this as the direct result of divine intervention.
route
▪ Previously a runner could choose to make the 900 foot ascent on the same direct route as the descent.
▪ It looked as if the most direct route was through the green blotch on the map and the horizon: pines.
▪ From here it's a pretty direct route back to National Airport tomorrow.
▪ In general, pedestrians prefer to walk on the level and by direct routes.
▪ This was the most direct route from Rome to Byzantium.
▪ These two mills were also on the direct route to Bristol and within a few miles of Fromebridge.
▪ All the direct routes to Ireland are carefully guarded.
rule
▪ The decision to impose direct rule followed the expiry of Governor's rule at midnight on July 18.
▪ By midnight, there was no indication that Milosevic had imposed direct rule in the capital.
▪ For example this happened in 1972 when the Westminster Parliament reimposed direct rule in Northern Ireland.
▪ In March 1972, the Stormont parliament and executive were abolished and direct rule was applied.
▪ The path least likely to cause trouble appears to be the continuation of direct rule from Westminster.
▪ Introducing direct rule had been easy enough; ending it was a problem.
▪ Apparently fearing that direct rule might be imposed, the Moldavian Supreme Soviet voted on Dec. 30 to endorse the decree.
▪ The period of the King's direct rule was one of peace and prosperity.
sale
▪ These arrangements with established publishers also make it possible to reach bookshops through direct sales representation.
▪ Since then, the number of direct sales outlets has increased significantly.
▪ The result has been an explosion in direct sales.
▪ Netwise thought direct sales would increase by expanding into potential geographical markets.
▪ Stratus attributes part of the decline to an increase in its own direct sales.
▪ These direct sales forecasts may be constructed using the methods described in this chapter, and Chapter Eight.
▪ Each of the five centres intends to provide direct sales, demonstrations, project design and planning and systems integration.
▪ Ask also set up a new distribution business unit which will integrate its worldwide direct sales operations.
sunlight
▪ Unfortunately it get direct sunlight, and is afflicted with algae.
▪ Winter, summer, spring, or fall, the Vanyas' house received no direct sunlight.
▪ Never fall asleep in direct sunlight.
▪ They need bright light, but should be watched for signs of scorching in strong direct sunlight during the summer.
▪ For one thing, the rate is dependent on temperature, and exposure to direct sunlight over long periods increases hydration.
▪ In bright or open shade, there is no direct sunlight but plenty of indirect light.
▪ It is important to store pressed material flat, away from direct sunlight and as free from dust as possible.
▪ In full shade there is no direct sunlight, but there is some indirect light.
tax
▪ This points to shifting the emphasis away from direct tax on people's incomes and on to taxes on wealth or on spending.
▪ Moving on, Doumer increased his revenues by funneling customs duties and direct taxes into his central treasury.
▪ In 1294-7, it has been calculated, the laity and clergy together yielded £280,000 in direct taxes to the king.
▪ Then on March 22, 1765, Parliament in the Stamp Act imposed the first direct tax on the colonies.
▪ But the larger part is supposed to come from direct taxes.
▪ To recap the method, direct taxes have a legal framework facilitating the assessment of the overall effective marginal tax rates.
▪ In contrast, direct taxes can only be changed at Budget time.
▪ Income tax is by far the most important direct tax, alone contributing almost 26% of government receipts.
taxation
▪ For example, the Long-term programme of Economic Stabilization recommended that there should be a shift away from indirect taxation towards direct taxation.
▪ Some income will be taken in direct taxation, such as income tax and so will not be available for other uses.
▪ That is the policy which we have pursued consistently, with the result that direct taxation has come down substantially.
▪ Strictly speaking we should add the various National Insurance contributions to the total for direct taxation.
▪ Given the progressive nature of taxation, the proportion of earnings paid in direct taxation varies.
▪ In 1980-81 the highest 10% of earners paid approximately one-quarter of their earnings in direct taxation.
▪ A local income tax would give councils the power to jeopardise Britain's belated conversion to a belief in low direct taxation.
▪ These negative effects of direct taxation can not any longer be ignored.
way
▪ Royal power worked through the church in more direct ways.
▪ But a more direct way exists for the Moon to influence fertility.
▪ Instead, he chose to reply to Goma's letter in his own direct way.
▪ That dispute was settled in the most direct way -- they lined up and hit each other for four hours.
▪ If the theories are successful, some one will find a more direct way of showing that the hypothetical entities are actually there.
▪ He liked her direct way, always liked that in people; not having to figure out where somebody stood.
▪ The most direct way of doing so was by prospecting and directing capital to developing mines in new lands.
▪ For all of them, collage is the most direct way of disrupting the ordered world of published images.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
in (direct) contradiction to sth
▪ Hatred is in contradiction to Christian values.
▪ Delusions are based on wishes too, but they are in contradiction to reality.
▪ He sees the trajectory of his industrial social formation in contradiction to meeting fundamental human and social needs.
▪ Many broadcasters felt that they were expected not to say anything on the air which was in contradiction to Government policy.
▪ Of course, our bodily forms and somewhat disorganized working systems were in contradiction to their understanding of the correct codes of policing.
▪ Schor's evidence is in direct contradiction to the neo-classical income / leisure trade-off model outlined above.
▪ There are thus no circumstances in which the Chewong may behave in contradiction to their ideologically constructed concept of human nature.
▪ This was totally in contradiction to Mr Venables' claim that he was promised security of tenure.
▪ Will there not be a continuity of evolution implied, in contradiction to our postulated discontinuous collapse?
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪ Cutbacks in defense spending will have a direct impact on 80,000 jobs.
▪ From 1914 to 1918 the British people had their first direct experience of war from the air.
▪ I'm not in direct contact with them.
▪ I have direct access to the company's database.
▪ It's best to be direct when talking with the management.
▪ People were often scared of my father, who was very direct.
▪ Shade Road would be a more direct route to the freeway.
▪ Sue has direct control over the business.
▪ The Chin tracks in India follow the most direct line between villages, regardless of gradient.
▪ Tyler's fierce public image was a direct contrast to his tender love for his family.
▪ We can get a direct flight to New York.
▪ We have had no direct contact with any government officials.
▪ Weight increases in direct proportion to mass.
▪ Which is the most direct route to London from here?
▪ With her direct manner and good head for business she was soon promoted.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ A satisfactory alternative or addition to biliary brush cytology is direct biopsy of the stricture using small forceps under fluoroscopic control.
▪ Accounting tends to supersede direct observation because the units to be controlled are usually many and they are also probably geographically dispersed.
▪ But poverty is also the direct result of a new historical disadvantage: the exclusion of older men and women from work.
▪ Russell Glass of Premier Partners is more direct.
▪ The file designer will find it worthwhile to examine every direct processing application of an indexed sequential file critically.
▪ The government's concern has led it to exert fairly direct, although informal, control over the pay bargaining process.
▪ There are also new direct flights from Newcastle, Norwich and Birmingham.
II.verbCOLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ NOUN
action
▪ This book is directed toward informing action.
▪ It was nationalised in 1946, and has the power to direct the actions of other banks.
▪ They must interpret the internal logic which directs the actions of the actor.
▪ Yet the ideal of perfect love still informs the spirit in which we live directing our thoughts and actions.
▪ Since humans have no instincts to direct their actions, their behaviour must be based on guidelines which are learned.
▪ Similarly, during the Renaissance, humanist theory was directed at language in action.
▪ Would any direct action stem from promptings of age or gender?
activity
▪ Given the nature of the project, Pontus Hulten was an obvious choice to direct the artistic activities of the new Kunsthalle.
▪ These actions are directed by cognitive activity rather than dominated by perceptions, as was the case with preoperational thought.
▪ Those trained allegedly formed a death squad which directed its activity against pro-ANC activists.
▪ They direct and coordinate activities of deans of individual colleges and chairpersons of academic departments.
▪ The right to organize and direct the activities of others is built into the role of leader-manager.
▪ Humphrey knew about it, but decided not to make it public because he could not prove Nixon personally directed those activities.
▪ He might also, quite obviously, direct the activities of bishops throughout the Church, translate them and control them.
attention
▪ The bronze horse-bits, well known from the northern steppelands, also direct our attention that way.
▪ At first they directed all their attention to identifying the right strategy for the organization.
▪ All boys were expected to play sport twice a week-here the manager directed my attention to the window.
▪ Both schizophrenia and mood disorders show evidence of decreased activity in frontal lobes and abnormal function of the system for directed attention.
▪ It directs our attention away from the language itself.
▪ Doing so directs their attention to their drinking and reminds them that they are trying to moderate their consumption.
▪ Then if you find it is starting to gnaw something which it shouldn't you can direct its attention elsewhere.
▪ Broadly speaking, elite analysis directs the researcher's attention towards socio-political determination as opposed to economic determination.
campaign
▪ Zimmerman and Associates was paid about $ 100, 000 in 1995 to direct the failed campaign to defeat Prop 200.
▪ No one directed the campaign from above.
court
▪ An application may be made without notice to the other parties unless the court directs otherwise.
▪ If the court gives leave, the trustee must make provision in respect of the proof in question as the court directs.
▪ In practice this order will also be followed for the purposes of cross-examination and closing speeches unless the court directs otherwise.
▪ The local authority must complete the investigation and report back to the court within eight weeks unless the court directs otherwise.
▪ Therefore, on payment out, the court must direct what is to happen to the accrued interest.
criticism
▪ If Tebbit wished to attack bias as such he should have directed his criticism at the press rather than television.
effort
▪ But how best to direct our efforts for improvement is bound up with our perceptions of the reasons for the differences.
▪ A former Thompson campaign worker, Mary Crutchfield, 30, is directing the Dole effort in that state.
▪ We are committed to prudent exploration and will direct efforts to ventures which offer significant potential.
▪ This focus can be used to direct all recruitment efforts.
▪ Negotiations with Moda'i Initially, Peres directed his efforts towards winning the support of small orthodox religious parties.
▪ In the post-war period Moscow directed much effort towards overcoming its agricultural inferiority vis-à-vis the West, especially the United States.
film
▪ He's directing a new film, Shadowlands, based on the life of C.S. Lewis.
▪ He set out on his own, acting, writing and directing his own films.
▪ But when these documentary imports came to direct films of their own, they revealed distinct personal leanings.
▪ At that stage, Nichols had yet to direct a film.
▪ When Callow himself chooses to direct a film, he finds that Makavejev has told the truth.
jury
▪ The judge is there to hold the ring impartially and to direct the jury on the law.
▪ The Court of Appeal quashed the conviction because the judge had directed the jury in Caldwell terms.
▪ The trial judge did not so direct the jury.
▪ He directed the jury to return verdicts of not guilty, which they did.
operation
▪ Cliff was visible through the windows as he went from room to room directing operations.
▪ Food and beverage managers direct the food service operations of hotels.
▪ Under the state of emergency, the government can take over or direct the operation of public utilities and businesses.
▪ Here General Bragg was directing operations in person...
▪ Then, on-screen menus automatically direct every operation.
policy
▪ Why should the department suddenly have directed its policies to the benefit of the inner city?
▪ It must initiate, formulate and direct general policy.
▪ How far judicial discretion on sentencing should be directed by Government policy is problematic.
▪ The Bureau is directed by a Policy Board of leading elected members and officers from its parent Associations.
▪ A natural endowment approach to equity would direct policy towards the gifted, who are better able to benefit from the policy.
production
▪ In 1955 Kramer decided to direct his own productions, keeping a shrewd eye on both the box-office and the Oscar donors.
▪ Fugard will not act in or direct the La Jolla production, as he did in New York.
▪ Trevor Nunn is directing both productions.
▪ Thus, a reasonable immediate goal would be to direct our domestic oil Production towards fulfilling domestic transportation needs.
▪ In fact, Ninagawa takes just one month to direct a production and rehearses only five hours a day.
▪ And with Herbert Ross initially set to direct, the production has undergone many changes before reaching the Emerald Isle.
question
▪ One could well direct that question to the Labour party.
▪ I was directing this question at Jen, who was fishing in her coffee for something.
▪ He directed his question at no-one in particular.
▪ She directs the question to Primo this time.
research
▪ Sometimes chance discovery directs research on to new and profitable lines.
▪ In 1964 he founded the Glynn Research Laboratories, where he directed biochemical research until 1986.
▪ Accordingly I directed my researches to the first steps on the ladder, the branch and workshop.
work
▪ They need initiative, self-discipline, and the ability to organize and direct the work of others.
▪ These higher-ranked demons have the responsibility of directing the work of the lower ranking ones.
■ VERB
write
▪ Don't miss this funny, poignant, visual production written and directed by acclaimed playwright John Godber.
▪ A confused treatment of a good idea, written and directed by Mark Peploe.
▪ He set out on his own, acting, writing and directing his own films.
▪ Friday at the Opera Plaza. wrote and directed.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪ A steward directed us behind the stage and towards the dressing rooms.
▪ Go and ask the patrolman - he'll direct you to the freeway.
▪ Steinberg directed Argonne's chemistry division from 1982 to 1988.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ A former Thompson campaign worker, Mary Crutchfield, 30, is directing the Dole effort in that state.
▪ All too often attention is directed away from the present encounter to the next so that response is reduced to a minimum.
▪ Evaluation can be directed towards the various aspects of the educational course or programme.
▪ It was a troubled film, directed by Sam Peckinpah who constantly had the Columbia Studio brass breathing down his neck.
▪ Now he directed a section of the Military Intelligence unit concerned with the security of the state from threats outside its boundaries.
▪ Those who are directing the ballpark construction say the lift technology is tested and will pose little danger to workers.
▪ Top level managers direct all computer-related activities in an organization.
III.adverbEXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪ Dole spoke directly about his age, saying it was not a liability.
▪ I'm flying direct to Dallas from Los Angeles.
▪ It's usually cheaper to buy the goods direct from the wholesaler.
▪ She's not directly involved in the selling side of the business.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ Don the swank, hop on the Vespa, and scoot on down for a lesson in ska direct from Fresno.
▪ Its knowledge comes to it direct.
▪ They wanted to talk to you direct, but I said that would frighten you off.